Mark Antony

Antony, as part of the Second Triumvirate, defeated the assassins of Caesar, Brutus and Cassius, at Philippi in Macedonia. The victory consolidated the Triumvirs' control over the Roman world.

Antony summoned Cleopatra to Tarsus and became her lover, forming a political and personal alliance. He used Egyptian resources for his Parthian campaign and later married her, alienating Octavian.

Antony granted Roman territories to Cleopatra and her children, including Caesarion, in a ceremony in Alexandria. This act was used by Octavian to portray Antony as a traitor to Rome.

Antony and Cleopatra's fleet was decisively defeated by Octavian's navy under Agrippa at Actium in Greece. The defeat forced Antony to flee to Egypt, leading to his downfall.

After Octavian's forces captured Alexandria, Antony attempted suicide by stabbing himself. He died in Cleopatra's arms, ending the civil war and paving the way for Octavian's sole rule.