Jung Bahadur Rana

Jung Bahadur Runa orchestrated the Kot Massacre in Kathmandu, where dozens of nobles and courtiers were killed. This event eliminated his political rivals and allowed him to seize effective control of the Nepalese government, establishing the hereditary Rana prime ministership.

Following the Kot Massacre, Jung Bahadur Rana appointed himself prime minister and commander-in-chief. He made the position hereditary, founding the Rana dynasty that ruled Nepal for over a century, reducing the Shah monarchs to figureheads.

Jung Bahadur Rana traveled to Britain and France, becoming the first South Asian ruler to visit Europe. He observed Western military and industrial technology, which influenced his modernization efforts in Nepal, including army reforms.

Jung Bahadur Rana led a Nepalese military campaign into Tibet. The conflict ended with the Treaty of Thapathali, which secured Nepalese territorial claims and established a tributary relationship with Tibet, enhancing Nepal's regional influence.