Ferdinand VII of Spain

Ferdinand VII became King of Spain after the abdication of his father Charles IV. His reign was interrupted by Napoleon's intervention and the Peninsular War, but he was restored in 1814.

Upon returning to Spain, Ferdinand VII abolished the liberal Constitution of 1812 and restored absolute monarchy. He persecuted liberals and reinstated the Inquisition, reversing the reforms of the Cortes of C

A military revolt led by Rafael del Riego forced Ferdinand VII to reinstate the Constitution of 1812, beginning the Trienio Liberal. Ferdinand was effectively a constitutional monarch for three years.

A French army, the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis, invaded Spain to restore Ferdinand VII's absolute power. The liberal government fell, and Ferdinand resumed repressive rule.

Ferdinand VII issued the Pragmatic Sanction, abolishing Salic Law and allowing his daughter Isabella to inherit the throne. This led to the Carlist Wars after his death.