Al-Mustarshid

Caliph Al-Mustarshid rebelled against Seljuk Sultan Mahmud II, raising an army and fighting the Seljuks near Baghdad. The caliph was defeated and captured, then forced to pay a large ransom and recognize Seljuk authority.

Al-Mustarshid launched a military campaign against the Seljuk sultan, capturing several fortresses. This campaign temporarily expanded caliphal territory but ultimately failed to secure lasting independence.

Al-Mustarshid was assassinated in his tent by a group of Seljuk agents while on campaign. His death marked the first time an Abbasid caliph was killed by the Seljuks, demonstrating the fragility of caliphal power.