Huseyin Avni Pasha vs Suharto

As Ottoman War Minister, Huseyin Avni Pasha led the coup that deposed Sultan Abdulaziz on May 30, 1876. The deposition was carried out by military forces loyal to the reformist faction, resulting in Abdulaziz's replacement by Murad V.

Sultan Abdulaziz died under suspicious circumstances on June 4, 1876, four days after his deposition. Huseyin Avni Pasha was implicated in the death, which was officially ruled a suicide but widely believed to be murder.

Huseyin Avni Pasha was assassinated on June 15, 1876, during a cabinet meeting at the house of Midhat Pasha. The assassin was a Circassian officer named

President Sukarno signed the Supersemar order, delegating authority to General Suharto to restore order after the 30 September Movement. Suharto used this to ban the Communist Party, purge leftists, and gradually assume executive power, effectively beginning his New Order regime.

Suharto implemented the New Order's economic policies, focusing on foreign investment, agricultural self-sufficiency, and industrialization. The government achieved high growth rates, reduced poverty, and stabilized the economy, but also fostered crony capitalism and corruption.

Suharto ordered the invasion of East Timor after Portugal withdrew. Indonesian forces occupied the territory, leading to a 24-year occupation marked by widespread human rights abuses, including massacres and forced displacement, resulting in an estimated 100,000-200,000 deaths.

The Asian Financial Crisis devastated Indonesia's economy, leading to massive unemployment and food shortages. Widespread protests and riots forced Suharto to resign in May 1998 after 31 years in power, ending his authoritarian rule and ushering in the Reformasi era.