Ghazan Khan vs Jayavarman VII

Ghazan implemented a comprehensive reform program including tax reform, standardization of weights and measures, land redistribution, and the establishment of a new legal code. He also reformed the military and postal system, stabilizing the Ilkhanate after decades of instability.

Ghazan converted to Islam upon ascending the throne, becoming the first Ilkhan to adopt the faith. He publicly declared Islam the state religion, ordered the destruction of Buddhist temples and churches, and adopted the name Mahmud. This transformed the Ilkhanate's identity.

Ghazan patronized scholars, historians, and scientists, including the vizier Rashid al-Din, who wrote the Jami' al-tawarikh, a world history. Ghazan also built observatories, hospitals, and mosques, contributing to the cultural flowering of the Ilkhanate.

Ghazan led three major invasions of Mamluk Syria, capturing Damascus and Aleppo in 1299

Ghazan's Mongol army defeated the Mamluks under Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad at Wadi al-Khaznadar near Homs. The victory allowed the Mongols to occupy Damascus and Aleppo, but they withdrew after a few months due to logistical problems and the need to return to Persia.

Jayavarman VII led a naval and land campaign to defeat the Champa kingdom, which had previously sacked Angkor. He conquered Champa and incorporated it into the Khmer Empire, ending the Cham threat.

Jayavarman VII built the fortified city of Angkor Thom as his new capital, featuring the Bayon temple with its iconic stone faces. The city was a massive urban and religious complex, reflecting his Mahayana Buddhist faith.

Jayavarman VII adopted Mahayana Buddhism as the state religion, shifting from the Hindu traditions of his predecessors. He built Buddhist temples like the Bayon and promoted the cult of the bodhisattva Lokeshvara.

Jayavarman VII oversaw the construction of a vast network of roads, rest houses, and hospitals (102 hospitals) across the Khmer Empire. These public works improved infrastructure and welfare, demonstrating his focus on public welfare.