Bayinnaung vs Mozaffar ad-Din Shah

King Bayinnaung ascended the throne and began a series of military campaigns that created the largest empire in Southeast Asian history. At its peak, the Toungoo empire covered modern Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, and parts of China and India.

King Bayinnaung conquered the Shan States, bringing them under Toungoo control. This expansion added significant territory and resources to the Burmese empire.

King Bayinnaung's forces captured the Siamese capital of Ayutthaya after a long siege. He installed a vassal king and made Siam a tributary state of the Toungoo empire.

King Bayinnaung implemented administrative reforms to govern his vast empire, including the appointment of governors and the standardization of laws and taxes. These reforms helped maintain control over conquered territories.

King Bayinnaung conquered the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang (modern Laos), bringing it under Toungoo control. This further expanded the Burmese empire to its greatest territorial extent.

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah granted a 60-year oil concession to William Knox D'Arcy, giving him exclusive rights to explore and exploit oil in most of Persia. This concession led to the discovery of oil in 1908 and the founding of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which became a major economic and political force.

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah signed the Fundamental Law of Persia, establishing a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament (Majlis). This was a response to the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1906, which demanded limits on royal power and the creation of a representative government.

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah signed the Supplementary Fundamental Laws, which expanded the constitution to include civil rights protections, such as freedom of speech, press, and assembly, and established the principle of equality before the law. These laws were enacted shortly before his death.