Philip I of France

Philip I succeeded his father Henry I as King of the Franks. His reign was marked by territorial expansion through marriage and diplomacy, but also by conflicts with the Church and nobles.

Philip I acquired the Vexin region through marriage to Bertha of Holland. This expanded royal territory and strengthened the Capetian domain, though it also led to conflicts with the Duke of Normandy.

Philip I supported the rebellion of Robert Curthose against his father William the Conqueror. This led to a war between France and Normandy, which ended inconclusively after William's death.

Philip I was excommunicated by Pope Urban II for marrying Bertrade de Montfort while still married to his first wife, Bertha of Holland. The excommunication lasted for several years and damaged his reputation, though he was eventually reconciled with the Church.