Ghazan Khan vs Kebek

Ghazan implemented a comprehensive reform program including tax reform, standardization of weights and measures, land redistribution, and the establishment of a new legal code. He also reformed the military and postal system, stabilizing the Ilkhanate after decades of instability.

Ghazan converted to Islam upon ascending the throne, becoming the first Ilkhan to adopt the faith. He publicly declared Islam the state religion, ordered the destruction of Buddhist temples and churches, and adopted the name Mahmud. This transformed the Ilkhanate's identity.

Ghazan patronized scholars, historians, and scientists, including the vizier Rashid al-Din, who wrote the Jami' al-tawarikh, a world history. Ghazan also built observatories, hospitals, and mosques, contributing to the cultural flowering of the Ilkhanate.

Ghazan led three major invasions of Mamluk Syria, capturing Damascus and Aleppo in 1299

Ghazan's Mongol army defeated the Mamluks under Sultan Al-Nasir Muhammad at Wadi al-Khaznadar near Homs. The victory allowed the Mongols to occupy Damascus and Aleppo, but they withdrew after a few months due to logistical problems and the need to return to Persia.

Kebek became Khan of the Chagatai Khanate in 1309, succeeding his brother Esen Buqa I. His reign focused on administrative and economic reforms, moving the khanate toward greater stability and centralization.

Kebek introduced a standardized silver coinage system across the Chagatai Khanate, replacing the diverse local currencies. The coins, known as 'Kebek dirhams,' facilitated trade and tax collection, strengthening the khanate's economy.

Kebek reorganized the Chagatai Khanate's administration, dividing it into provinces (tumens) governed by appointed officials. He also established a centralized tax system and a postal relay network, improving governance and communication.

Kebek's forces were defeated by the Yuan dynasty in a border conflict in 1314. The loss forced him to pay tribute to the Yuan, acknowledging their supremacy and ending Kebek's expansionist ambitions in the east.