Tughril

Tughril led the Seljuk Turks to a decisive victory over the Ghaznavid Empire at Dandanaqan in Khorasan. This battle ended Ghaznavid control over the region and established the Seljuk Empire as a major power in Persia and Central Asia.

Tughril launched raids into Byzantine Anatolia, capturing cities such as Erzurum. These campaigns weakened Byzantine control in the east and paved the way for later Seljuk expansion, though they did not result in permanent conquest at this time.

Tughril entered Baghdad at the invitation of the Abbasid caliph Al-Qa'im, who sought protection from the Buyid dynasty. Tughril overthrew the Buyids and was granted the title of Sultan, becoming the de facto ruler of the Islamic world while preserving the caliph as a figurehead.

Tughril married the daughter of the Abbasid caliph Al-Qa'im, solidifying the alliance between the Seljuk sultans and the caliphate. This union legitimized Seljuk rule and established a precedent for future sultan-caliph relations.