Mahmud I of Great Seljuk

Following the death of his father Malik Shah I, Mahmud I was proclaimed sultan at age five. His mother Terken Khatun acted as regent, but the succession was contested by his half-brothers Barkiyaruq and others, leading to civil war.

Forces loyal to Mahmud I, led by his mother Terken Khatun and general Kerbogha, fought against Barkiyaruq's army near Al-Ruhaymi in Iraq. Mahmud's forces were defeated, weakening his claim to the sultanate.

Mahmud I died at age seven, likely from illness. His death ended his brief reign and allowed Barkiyaruq to consolidate power as the sole Seljuk sultan, though the empire remained divided by ongoing succession conflicts.