Joanna of Castile vs Mahmud I of Great Seljuk

After the death of her husband Philip I, Joanna of Castile became the nominal queen of Castile. However, her father Ferdinand II of Aragon and later her son Charles I of Spain assumed regency, citing her mental instability. Joanna was confined to the castle of Tordesillas for the rest of her life.

After the death of her husband Philip I, Joanna refused to remarry, despite pressure from her father Ferdinand II and other nobles. Her refusal was interpreted as a sign of mental instability, but it also reflected her deep attachment to Philip and her desire to maintain her independence.

Joanna of Castile was confined to the Royal Palace of Tordesillas by order of her father Ferdinand II, who declared her unfit to rule. She remained imprisoned there for 46 years, isolated from political affairs, while her son Charles I governed Castile in her name.

Following the death of his father Malik Shah I, Mahmud I was proclaimed sultan at age five. His mother Terken Khatun acted as regent, but the succession was contested by his half-brothers Barkiyaruq and others, leading to civil war.

Forces loyal to Mahmud I, led by his mother Terken Khatun and general Kerbogha, fought against Barkiyaruq's army near Al-Ruhaymi in Iraq. Mahmud's forces were defeated, weakening his claim to the sultanate.

Mahmud I died at age seven, likely from illness. His death ended his brief reign and allowed Barkiyaruq to consolidate power as the sole Seljuk sultan, though the empire remained divided by ongoing succession conflicts.