Edward I

Edward I led a military campaign that resulted in the conquest of Wales. After the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Edward built a ring of castles (including Caernarfon and Conwy) to control the region. The Statute of Rhuddlan in 1284 annexed Wales to England.

Edward I issued the Edict of Expulsion, ordering all Jews to leave England. The expulsion was motivated by financial and religious pressures. Jews were given until November 1 to depart, and their property was confiscated by the crown. The ban lasted until 1656.

Edward I summoned the Model Parliament, which included representatives of the commons (knights and burgesses) alongside nobles and clergy. This assembly set a precedent for the composition of the English Parliament. It was called to approve taxes for wars in Scotland and France.

Edward I invaded Scotland after the Scots refused to support his war in France. He captured Berwick and defeated the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar. Edward forced the submission of Scottish nobles and removed the Stone of Scone to Westminster Abbey.