Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

As Minister of Defense, General el-Sisi led the Egyptian military in removing President Mohamed Morsi from power after mass protests. He suspended the constitution and installed an interim government, sparking a crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood.

Following the coup, el-Sisi oversaw a severe crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood, including the violent dispersal of sit-ins at Rabaa al-Adawiya and Nahda squares that killed hundreds. Thousands were arrested, and the group was designated a terrorist organization.

El-Sisi announced a major expansion of the Suez Canal, creating a new 35-kilometer waterway parallel to the existing canal. The project was completed in one year and aimed to increase canal capacity and boost Egypt's economy.

El-Sisi won the presidential election with 96.9% of the vote, though the election was criticized for lacking genuine opposition. His presidency consolidated military rule and launched major infrastructure and economic projects.

El-Sisi's government secured a $12 billion loan from the International Monetary Fund and implemented austerity measures, including floating the Egyptian pound and cutting fuel subsidies. The reforms stabilized the economy but caused inflation and hardship for many Egyptians.