Ferdinand II of Aragon vs Tokhtamysh

Ferdinand II of Aragon married Isabella I of Castile in Valladolid, uniting the two largest Christian kingdoms in Spain. This marriage created the basis for the Kingdom of Spain, though both crowns remained legally separate until the death of Isabella in 1504.

Ferdinand II and Isabella I obtained papal approval to establish the Spanish Inquisition, a tribunal to enforce Catholic orthodoxy. The Inquisition targeted converted Jews (conversos) and Muslims (moriscos) suspected of secretly practicing their former religions, leading to thousands of executions and imprisonments.

Ferdinand II and Isabella I completed the Reconquista by capturing the city of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold in the Iberian Peninsula. The surrender of the Nasrid kingdom ended nearly 800 years of Muslim rule in Spain and marked a major victory for the Catholic Monarchs.

Ferdinand II and Isabella I issued the Alhambra Decree, ordering the expulsion of all Jews from the kingdoms of Spain who refused to convert to Catholicism. The decree led to the exile of an estimated 200,000 Jews, causing a significant demographic and economic impact on Spain.

Tokhtamysh, with the support of Timur, defeated the rebellious general Mamai and reunified the Golden Horde under his rule. He restored the Horde's authority over the Russian principalities, ending a period of fragmentation.

Tokhtamysh led a campaign against the Grand Duchy of Moscow. He besieged and captured Moscow, burning the city and massacring its inhabitants. The victory reasserted Mongol dominance over the Russian principalities.

Tokhtamysh invaded Timur's territory in Transoxiana, starting a war between the two Mongol rulers. Timur retaliated by invading the Golden Horde, defeating Tokhtamysh at the Battle of the Kondurcha River in 1391.

Timur decisively defeated Tokhtamysh at the Battle of the Terek River. The victory destroyed Tokhtamysh's army and led to the sack of Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde. Tokhtamysh fled and never regained power.

After his defeat by Timur, Tokhtamysh fled to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He was killed in a skirmish with a rival Mongol faction near Tyumen. His death marked the end of the last attempt to reunite the Golden Horde.