Apolinario Mabini vs Ismet Inonu

Mabini wrote the 'Constitutional Program of the Philippine Republic' in 1898, outlining the principles of the revolutionary government. His writings influenced the Malolos Constitution and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic.

Apolinario Mabini was appointed as the first Prime Minister of the First Philippine Republic on January 2, 1899, by President Emilio Aguinaldo. He served as the de facto head of government during the Philippine-American War.

Mabini was captured by American forces on December 10, 1901, and exiled to Guam. He refused to swear allegiance to the United States, remaining a symbol of resistance. He was allowed to return to the Philippines in 1903.

Apolinario Mabini died of cholera on May 13, 1903, shortly after returning from exile in Guam. His death at age 38 cut short his political career, but he is remembered as the 'Sublime Paralytic' and a key intellectual of the Philippine Revolution.

As head of the Turkish delegation, Ismet Inonu signed the Treaty of Lausanne on July 24, 1923. This treaty established the borders of modern Turkey, secured international recognition for the Republic, and ended the post-World War I occupation.

Following the death of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, Ismet Inonu was elected as the second President of Turkey on November 11, 1938. He served until 1950, leading the country through World War II and the early Cold War.

Under Inonu's presidency, Turkey transitioned from a single-party state to a multi-party democracy. He allowed the formation of the Democrat Party, leading to the first competitive elections in 1946, though the Republican People's Party retained power.

In Turkey's first free and fair elections on May 14, 1950, Inonu's Republican People's Party was defeated by the Democrat Party. This marked the first peaceful transfer of power in Turkish history, ending 27 years of CHP rule.