Apolinario Mabini vs Francois Duvalier

Mabini wrote the 'Constitutional Program of the Philippine Republic' in 1898, outlining the principles of the revolutionary government. His writings influenced the Malolos Constitution and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic.

Apolinario Mabini was appointed as the first Prime Minister of the First Philippine Republic on January 2, 1899, by President Emilio Aguinaldo. He served as the de facto head of government during the Philippine-American War.

Mabini was captured by American forces on December 10, 1901, and exiled to Guam. He refused to swear allegiance to the United States, remaining a symbol of resistance. He was allowed to return to the Philippines in 1903.

Apolinario Mabini died of cholera on May 13, 1903, shortly after returning from exile in Guam. His death at age 38 cut short his political career, but he is remembered as the 'Sublime Paralytic' and a key intellectual of the Philippine Revolution.

Duvalier won the presidential election amid widespread fraud and violence. He was supported by the military and used the election to legitimize his rule, beginning a 14-year dictatorship.

Duvalier created the Tonton Macoute, a paramilitary force that served as his personal security and terror apparatus. The group operated outside the law, suppressing dissent through murder, torture, and intimidation.

Duvalier expelled the Archbishop of Port-au-Prince and other foreign clergy, leading to his excommunication by the Vatican. He then promoted a cult of personality blending voodoo and Catholicism to legitimize his rule.

Duvalier amended the Haitian constitution to declare himself President for Life. This move eliminated any possibility of democratic succession and solidified his absolute control over the country.