Agustin de Iturbide vs John II Casimir Vasa

Iturbide, a royalist general who had fought against the insurgents, was appointed to command the army against Vicente Guerrero. Instead of fighting, he negotiated with Guerrero and issued the Plan of Iguala on February 24, 1821, proposing independence, constitutional monarchy, and protection of the Catholic Church.

Iturbide's Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City on September 27, 1821, ending the Mexican War of Independence. The next day, the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire was signed. Iturbide became the head of a provisional government, effectively ruling Mexico.

Iturbide was crowned Emperor of Mexico on July 21, 1822, as Agust

Facing revolts led by Antonio L

Iturbide returned to Mexico in July 1824, unaware that Congress had declared him a traitor and outlaw. He was captured upon landing and executed by firing squad on July 19, 1824, in Padilla, Tamaulipas. His death ended any possibility of restoring the monarchy.

John II Casimir Vasa faced the Khmelnytsky Uprising, a massive Cossack rebellion in Ukraine. The uprising resulted in devastating defeats for Polish forces at Zhovti Vody and Korsun, leading to the loss of control over much of Ukraine and the start of the Deluge.

John II Casimir Vasa faced the Swedish invasion of Poland, known as the Deluge. Swedish forces captured much of the country, including Warsaw and Krakow, forcing the king to flee to Silesia. The invasion devastated the Commonwealth and marked its decline.

John II Casimir Vasa's forces, along with monks and volunteers, successfully defended the Jasna G

John II Casimir Vasa made the Lw

John II Casimir Vasa signed the Treaty of Oliwa with Sweden, ending the Second Northern War. The treaty confirmed Swedish control over Livonia and Estonia, while Poland renounced claims to the Swedish throne, formalizing the Commonwealth's territorial losses.

John II Casimir Vasa abdicated the Polish throne after the death of his wife and the failure of his policies. He retired to France, becoming abbot of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Pr