Abdallahi ibn Muhammad vs William IX of Hesse-Kassel

Following Muhammad Ahmad's death, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad succeeded him as Khalifa (successor) of the Mahdist state. He consolidated power by eliminating rivals and establishing a military dictatorship based on his Ta'aisha tribe.

Anglo-Egyptian forces under General Herbert Kitchener defeated the Mahdist army at Omdurman on September 2, 1898. The battle resulted in over 10,000 Mahdist casualties and effectively ended the Mahdist state's control over Sudan.

Abdallahi ibn Muhammad was killed in action at the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat on November 25, 1899. His death marked the final defeat of the Mahdist movement and the establishment of Anglo-Egyptian condominium rule over Sudan.

William IX became Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel upon the death of his father Frederick II. He inherited a wealthy state due to the lucrative practice of hiring Hessian soldiers to foreign powers, particularly Britain during the American Revolution.

As part of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, William IX was elevated to the title of Elector of Hesse-Kassel, becoming Elector William I. This increased his status within the Holy Roman Empire, though the title was largely symbolic.

After the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, Napoleon's forces occupied Hesse-Kassel. William I fled to Denmark, leaving his territories under French control. He remained in exile until after Napoleon's defeat.

Following Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig, William I returned to Hesse-Kassel and resumed his rule. He restored the old order, reversing many reforms introduced during the French occupation.