Abdallahi ibn Muhammad vs Charles X of France

Following Muhammad Ahmad's death, Abdallahi ibn Muhammad succeeded him as Khalifa (successor) of the Mahdist state. He consolidated power by eliminating rivals and establishing a military dictatorship based on his Ta'aisha tribe.

Anglo-Egyptian forces under General Herbert Kitchener defeated the Mahdist army at Omdurman on September 2, 1898. The battle resulted in over 10,000 Mahdist casualties and effectively ended the Mahdist state's control over Sudan.

Abdallahi ibn Muhammad was killed in action at the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat on November 25, 1899. His death marked the final defeat of the Mahdist movement and the establishment of Anglo-Egyptian condominium rule over Sudan.

Charles X was crowned at Reims Cathedral in a lavish ceremony that revived medieval traditions, including the use of the Holy Ampulla. The coronation emphasized divine right and traditionalist Catholicism, signaling his rejection of the constitutional principles of the Charter of 1814.

Charles X ordered a military expedition to invade Algiers, aiming to boost his popularity and distract from domestic unrest. The French captured Algiers in July 1830, beginning the colonization of Algeria. The victory came too late to save his throne, as the July Revolution erupted simultaneously.

Charles X issued the July Ordinances, dissolving the Chamber of Deputies, restricting press freedom, and altering the electoral system. This sparked three days of street fighting in Paris (July 27-29, 1830). The revolution forced Charles to abdicate and flee to England, ending the Bourbon Restoration.

On July 25, 1830, Charles X signed four ordinances that suspended the press, dissolved the newly elected Chamber, changed the electoral system to favor the aristocracy, and called for new elections. These authoritarian decrees directly triggered the July Revolution and his overthrow.

After abdicating in favor of his grandson, the Duke of Bordeaux, Charles X fled to England and later to Scotland and Prague. He lived in exile until his death in 1836, never returning to France. His exile marked the definitive end of the senior Bourbon line's rule.