
William of Orange, co-monarch after the Glorious Revolution.
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William III, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, invaded England at the invitation of Protestant nobles. King James II fled, and William and his wife Mary II were declared joint monarchs, establishing parliamentary supremacy and Protestant succession.
William III personally led Williamite forces to victory over the Jacobite army of James II at the River Boyne in Ireland. The battle secured Protestant dominance in Ireland and William's hold on the English throne.
William III negotiated the Treaty of Ryswick ending the Nine Years' War with France. Louis XIV recognized William as King of England and agreed to cease supporting James II's claims, temporarily stabilizing European borders.
William III died from pneumonia after breaking his collarbone in a riding accident at Hampton Court Palace. His death ended the Stuart line's direct rule and passed the throne to Queen Anne, leading to the Act of Union 1707.
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