Ali Pasha of Ioannina vs William III

Ali Pasha was appointed as the Pasha of Ioannina in 1788, consolidating his control over a large territory in Epirus and Thessaly. He established a semi-independent state within the Ottoman Empire, ruling with a combination of diplomacy, military force, and patronage.

Ali Pasha expanded his territory through military campaigns in the 1790s, conquering parts of central Greece, including Arta and Preveza. He also subdued rival Albanian lords and extended his influence over the Peloponnese, becoming the de facto ruler of much of mainland Greece.

In 1820, Sultan Mahmud II ordered Ali Pasha's removal, accusing him of disloyalty. Ali Pasha resisted, leading to a two-year siege of Ioannina by Ottoman forces. His rebellion weakened Ottoman control in Greece and indirectly aided the Greek War of Independence, which began in 1821.

Ali Pasha was killed in 1822 during the Ottoman siege of Ioannina. He was shot after a failed negotiation, and his head was sent to Istanbul. His death ended his 34-year rule and allowed the Ottomans to reassert control over his territories, though the Greek revolt continued.

William III, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, invaded England at the invitation of Protestant nobles. King James II fled, and William and his wife Mary II were declared joint monarchs, establishing parliamentary supremacy and Protestant succession.

William III personally led Williamite forces to victory over the Jacobite army of James II at the River Boyne in Ireland. The battle secured Protestant dominance in Ireland and William's hold on the English throne.

William III negotiated the Treaty of Ryswick ending the Nine Years' War with France. Louis XIV recognized William as King of England and agreed to cease supporting James II's claims, temporarily stabilizing European borders.

William III died from pneumonia after breaking his collarbone in a riding accident at Hampton Court Palace. His death ended the Stuart line's direct rule and passed the throne to Queen Anne, leading to the Act of Union 1707.