Umar II

Umar II became the Umayyad caliph after the death of Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik. He is often considered the fifth 'Rashidun' (rightly guided) caliph due to his piety and reforms.

Umar II ordered the withdrawal of Umayyad forces from the prolonged siege of Constantinople, which had failed to capture the city. This ended a major military campaign and saved resources.

Umar II implemented reforms that equalized tax treatment between Arab Muslims and non-Arab converts (mawali), abolished discriminatory taxes, and ensured fairer administration of justice. These reforms reduced social tensions.

Umar II died after a reign of only three years, possibly poisoned. His short tenure was marked by significant reforms, and he was later remembered as a model of Islamic piety and justice.