Tongzhi Emperor

Tongzhi became Emperor of China at age 5 after the death of his father, Xianfeng. A regency was established under Empress Dowagers Cixi and Ci'an.

A period of conservative reform began, aiming to modernize China's military and economy while preserving Confucian values. The Self-Strengthening Movement was initiated, but progress was limited.

Qing forces, led by generals like Zeng Guofan, captured Nanjing and crushed the Taiping Rebellion. The victory restored Qing control but left the empire devastated.

Tongzhi died at age 18 from smallpox. His death without an heir led to a succession crisis, with his cousin Guangxu being chosen as the next emperor.