Tahmasp I

Tahmasp I faced multiple revolts by the Qizilbash tribal forces who had supported the Safavid rise. He suppressed these rebellions, executing several Qizilbash leaders and reducing their political influence, thereby consolidating royal authority and centralizing power.

Tahmasp I provided refuge to the Mughal emperor Humayun after his defeat by Sher Shah Suri. Humayun stayed at the Safavid court for over a year, and Tahmasp provided military support for Humayun's reconquest of India, strengthening Safavid-Mughal relations.

Tahmasp I moved the Safavid capital from Tabriz to Qazvin to distance the court from Ottoman threats and to better control the northern provinces. This relocation shifted the political center of the empire and influenced subsequent Safavid administrative policies.

Tahmasp I signed the Treaty of Amasya with the Ottoman Empire, ending decades of war. The treaty established a border dividing Georgia and Armenia between the two empires, with the Ottomans gaining Iraq and the Safavids retaining Azerbaijan and the Caucasus. This peace lasted for over 20 years.