Qaitbay

Early in his reign, Qaitbay suppressed a revolt by the Emir of Aleppo, who had refused to recognize his authority. The sultan's forces marched to Aleppo, defeated the rebels, and executed the emir, securing his position as sultan.

Qaitbay ordered the construction of a fortress on the site of the ancient Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The citadel was built using stones from the ruined lighthouse and served as a key defensive fortification for the city.

Qaitbay funded a major restoration of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, including repairs to the dome's mosaics and the addition of a marble facing. This project demonstrated Mamluk patronage of Islamic architecture and religious sites.

Qaitbay fought a protracted war against the Ottoman Empire over control of Cilicia and the buffer state of Dulkadir. The conflict ended with a peace treaty that maintained the status quo, with the Mamluks retaining their northern borders.