Ptolemy XII Auletes

Ptolemy XII Auletes became pharaoh of Egypt after the death of Ptolemy XI Alexander II. His reign was marked by political instability, economic decline, and increasing Roman influence. He was known for his pro-Roman policies and lavish spending.

Ptolemy XII was driven from Egypt by a popular revolt, likely due to his heavy taxation and pro-Roman stance. He fled to Rome, where he sought support for his restoration. His daughter Berenice IV took the throne in his absence.

Ptolemy XII was restored to the Egyptian throne with military support from the Roman governor of Syria, Aulus Gabinius. The Roman army helped him defeat the forces of Berenice IV. He executed his daughter and resumed his pro-Roman policies.

Ptolemy XII made a will naming the Roman Republic as the guardian of his children and the Egyptian kingdom. This will later be used by Julius Caesar to justify Roman intervention in Egypt after Ptolemy's death, leading to the Alexandrian War.