Oscar II

Oscar II was a noted patron of the arts and sciences. He supported the Swedish Academy, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and various cultural institutions. He also personally funded expeditions, such as the Vega Expedition, which completed the first navigation of the Northeast Passage.

Oscar II oversaw a major reform of the Swedish military, introducing universal conscription and modernizing the army and navy. This was in response to the changing geopolitical situation in Europe and aimed at maintaining Sweden's neutrality and defense capabilities.

Oscar II was the last king of the united kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. After a political crisis, the Norwegian parliament unilaterally declared the dissolution of the union. Oscar II accepted the separation peacefully, abdicating his claim to the Norwegian throne and recognizing Norway's independence.