Murad II

Murad II became Ottoman Sultan after the death of his father, Mehmed I. He faced a rebellion from his uncle, Mustafa, which he suppressed.

Murad II besieged Constantinople but failed to capture it due to strong Byzantine defenses and lack of naval support. The siege demonstrated Ottoman ambition but ended in withdrawal.

Murad II returned to lead the Ottoman army against a crusader force led by King W

Murad II abdicated the throne in favor of his young son, Mehmed II, seeking a life of religious contemplation. The decision was controversial and led to instability.

Murad II abdicated again but was recalled to the throne in 1446 due to Janissary unrest and threats from the West. He ruled until his death.

Murad II defeated a Hungarian-led coalition at the Second Battle of Kosovo. The victory secured Ottoman control over the Balkans and prevented further crusades.