Muhammad bin Tughluq

Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded his father Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq as sultan of Delhi. He inherited a vast empire but soon embarked on ambitious and often controversial policies that would define his reign.

Muhammad bin Tughluq ordered the transfer of the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in the Deccan, forcing the entire population and administration to move. The plan failed due to water scarcity and logistical issues, and the capital was later moved back to Delhi.

Muhammad bin Tughluq introduced a token currency made of copper and brass, intended to replace silver coins. The government failed to prevent counterfeiting, leading to economic chaos and the eventual withdrawal of the currency at great loss.

Muhammad bin Tughluq led military campaigns into the Deccan and southern India, attempting to consolidate control over the region. He faced rebellions from local rulers, including the Hoysala and Kakatiya, and the campaigns drained the treasury.

Muhammad bin Tughluq faced multiple revolts from nobles and provincial governors, including in Bengal, Gujarat, and the Deccan. These rebellions weakened the central authority and led to the fragmentation of the Delhi Sultanate, with the rise of independent states like the Bahmani Sultanate.

A severe famine struck northern India during Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign, exacerbated by his failed economic policies and military campaigns. The famine caused widespread suffering and depopulation, further destabilizing the empire.