Leopold I

Leopold I, as Holy Roman Emperor, organized the relief of Vienna from the Ottoman siege. A combined imperial, Polish, and German army under John III Sobieski defeated the Ottoman forces, halting Ottoman expansion into Central Europe and marking the beginning of the Great Turkish War.

Leopold I led the Holy Roman Empire in the War of the Grand Alliance against Louis XIV of France. The conflict, fought across Europe and the colonies, ended with the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697, which confirmed French gains but checked French expansion.

Leopold I's forces, under Prince Eugene of Savoy, defeated the Ottomans, leading to the Treaty of Karlowitz. The treaty ceded Hungary, Transylvania, and Slavonia to the Habsburgs, establishing Austria as a major European power and ending Ottoman dominance in the region.