Edward I Longshanks

Edward I launched a full-scale conquest of Wales, defeating Llywelyn ap Gruffudd at the Battle of Orewin Bridge. He built castles and imposed English rule, incorporating Wales into the English crown.

Edward I issued the Statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Wales to the English crown and introduced English common law. This formalized the conquest and established English administration in Wales.

Edward I summoned the Model Parliament, which included representatives from the commons, clergy, and nobility. This assembly set a precedent for parliamentary representation and taxation consent.

Edward I invaded Scotland after the death of Margaret, Maid of Norway, claiming overlordship. He defeated the Scots at Dunbar, captured the Stone of Scone, and attempted to impose English rule, sparking a long war.

Edward I defeated William Wallace's Scottish army at the Battle of Falkirk. Using longbowmen and cavalry, he broke the Scottish schiltron formations, crushing the rebellion temporarily.