Edward I Longshanks vs Michael of Chernigov

Edward I launched a full-scale conquest of Wales, defeating Llywelyn ap Gruffudd at the Battle of Orewin Bridge. He built castles and imposed English rule, incorporating Wales into the English crown.

Edward I issued the Statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Wales to the English crown and introduced English common law. This formalized the conquest and established English administration in Wales.

Edward I summoned the Model Parliament, which included representatives from the commons, clergy, and nobility. This assembly set a precedent for parliamentary representation and taxation consent.

Edward I invaded Scotland after the death of Margaret, Maid of Norway, claiming overlordship. He defeated the Scots at Dunbar, captured the Stone of Scone, and attempted to impose English rule, sparking a long war.

Edward I defeated William Wallace's Scottish army at the Battle of Falkirk. Using longbowmen and cavalry, he broke the Scottish schiltron formations, crushing the rebellion temporarily.

Michael of Chernigov ruled as Prince of Chernigov when the Mongol Empire under Batu Khan invaded Rus'. Chernigov was besieged and captured by the Mongols in 1239. Michael fled to Hungary and then to Poland, seeking military aid against the invaders. His inability to defend his principality marked the collapse of Chernigov's independence.

Michael of Chernigov was summoned to the court of Batu Khan in Sarai. He refused to perform pagan rituals, including walking through fire and bowing to idols, as required by Mongol custom. For his refusal, he was executed by the Mongols along with his boyar Fedor. His death was later recognized as a martyrdom for the Orthodox faith.