Edward I Longshanks vs Pepin the Short

Edward I launched a full-scale conquest of Wales, defeating Llywelyn ap Gruffudd at the Battle of Orewin Bridge. He built castles and imposed English rule, incorporating Wales into the English crown.

Edward I issued the Statute of Rhuddlan, which annexed Wales to the English crown and introduced English common law. This formalized the conquest and established English administration in Wales.

Edward I summoned the Model Parliament, which included representatives from the commons, clergy, and nobility. This assembly set a precedent for parliamentary representation and taxation consent.

Edward I invaded Scotland after the death of Margaret, Maid of Norway, claiming overlordship. He defeated the Scots at Dunbar, captured the Stone of Scone, and attempted to impose English rule, sparking a long war.

Edward I defeated William Wallace's Scottish army at the Battle of Falkirk. Using longbowmen and cavalry, he broke the Scottish schiltron formations, crushing the rebellion temporarily.

Pepin deposed the last Merovingian king, Childeric III, with the support of Pope Zachary. He was anointed king by Boniface, establishing the Carolingian dynasty and legitimizing his rule through papal approval.

Pepin besieged the Lombard capital of Pavia, forcing King Aistulf to surrender and cede territories. This campaign secured Frankish dominance in Italy and fulfilled Pepin's alliance with the papacy.

Pepin granted the Pope control over territories in central Italy, including Ravenna and the Pentapolis, after defeating the Lombards. This created the Papal States and established the temporal power of the papacy.