Leo III the Isaurian vs Marwan II

Leo III successfully defended Constantinople from a massive Arab siege by the Umayyad Caliphate. The siege lasted from 717 to 718. Leo used Greek fire and a harsh winter to defeat the Arab fleet and army, saving the Byzantine Empire from conquest and halting Arab expansion into Europe.

Leo III reorganized the Byzantine military and administrative system, strengthening the theme system. He created new themes and improved the defense of the empire. These reforms increased the empire's military effectiveness and administrative efficiency.

Leo III issued the Ecloga, a legal code that revised and simplified Roman law. The code was written in Greek and emphasized Christian principles, including greater protection for the poor and women. It influenced later Byzantine and Slavic legal systems.

Leo III issued an edict banning the veneration of icons, initiating the first period of Byzantine Iconoclasm. He ordered the destruction of religious images and persecuted iconodules. This policy caused deep religious divisions within the empire and strained relations with the Papacy.

Leo III led the Byzantine army to a decisive victory over the Umayyad Arabs at the Battle of Akroinon. The Byzantine forces destroyed the Arab army, ending the Arab threat to Anatolia for decades. This victory consolidated Byzantine control over Asia Minor.

Marwan II became the last Umayyad caliph after a period of civil war and succession disputes. He was a military commander who seized power amid the weakening of the dynasty.

Marwan II's army was decisively defeated by the Abbasid forces at the Battle of the Zab in Iraq. This battle ended Umayyad rule and led to the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate.

After the Battle of the Zab, Marwan II fled to Egypt where he was captured and killed by Abbasid forces. His death marked the end of the Umayyad Caliphate, though a surviving prince founded a dynasty in Spain.