Hyeonjong of Joseon vs Oscar II

Upon Hyojong's death, a dispute arose over the mourning period for his stepmother Queen Dowager Jaui. The Westerners faction argued for a one-year period, while the Southerners argued for three years. King Hyeonjong sided with the Westerners, deepening factional divisions.

Hyeonjong supported Neo-Confucian scholars and institutions, including the publication of the 'Dongguk Tonggam' (Comprehensive Mirror of the Eastern Kingdom). This reinforced Confucian orthodoxy but also fueled ideological conflicts among factions.

After Queen Inseon's death, another ritual dispute erupted over the mourning period for King Hyojong's wife. The Southerners faction gained power by arguing for a three-year period. Hyeonjong accepted their view, leading to the Westerners' purge.

Oscar II was a noted patron of the arts and sciences. He supported the Swedish Academy, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and various cultural institutions. He also personally funded expeditions, such as the Vega Expedition, which completed the first navigation of the Northeast Passage.

Oscar II oversaw a major reform of the Swedish military, introducing universal conscription and modernizing the army and navy. This was in response to the changing geopolitical situation in Europe and aimed at maintaining Sweden's neutrality and defense capabilities.

Oscar II was the last king of the united kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. After a political crisis, the Norwegian parliament unilaterally declared the dissolution of the union. Oscar II accepted the separation peacefully, abdicating his claim to the Norwegian throne and recognizing Norway's independence.