Henry I of England vs Tokhta

Henry was crowned king of England on August 5, 1100, just three days after his brother William II's death. He issued the Charter of Liberties, promising to curb royal abuses.

Henry defeated his brother Robert Curthose at Tinchebray in Normandy. Robert was captured and imprisoned for life, and Henry reunited England and Normandy under his rule.

Henry established the Exchequer as a central financial department, standardizing tax collection and accounting. He also issued the Leges Henrici Primi, a legal code that systematized English law.

Henry's only legitimate son, William Adelin, drowned in the White Ship disaster off the coast of Normandy. This tragedy left Henry without a male heir, leading to a succession crisis after his death.

Henry died on December 1, 1135, at Lyons-la-For

Tokhta reasserted the authority of the central khan over the Golden Horde, suppressing rebellious emirs and consolidating power. He reorganized the administration and restored the capital at Sarai, ending a period of fragmentation.

Tokhta led a military campaign against the Nogai Horde, a breakaway faction that had challenged his authority. The campaign culminated in the defeat and death of Nogai, the leader of the Horde, restoring Tokhta's control over the western territories of the Golden Horde.

Tokhta ordered the expulsion of Genoese merchants from the Crimean port of Caffa, leading to a military conflict. The Genoese were defeated, and their trading privileges were revoked, strengthening the Golden Horde's control over the Black Sea trade.