Wang Mang

Wang Mang introduced a series of complex and frequently changing currency systems, including new coinages and the demonetization of older coins. These reforms caused severe economic disruption, inflation, and widespread hardship.

Wang Mang nationalized all land, declaring it 'king's land' (wangtian), and abolished private land ownership. He redistributed land to peasant families in an attempt to reduce inequality and stabilize the economy.

Wang Mang issued an edict abolishing slavery, declaring that all slaves were to be freed and their sale prohibited. This radical measure was met with resistance from the elite and was poorly enforced, contributing to social instability.

Wang Mang, a Han dynasty regent, forced the child emperor Liu Ying to abdicate and proclaimed himself emperor, founding the Xin dynasty. This ended the Western Han dynasty and began a period of radical reform.

Widespread peasant revolts, most notably the Red Eyebrows (Chimei), erupted across China in response to Wang Mang's failed reforms, famine, and conscription. These rebellions rapidly grew into a massive insurgency that destabilized the Xin dynasty.

A Han loyalist army led by Liu Xiu (later Emperor Guangwu) decisively defeated a much larger Xin dynasty force at Kunyang. This victory broke the back of Wang Mang's military power and paved the way for the restoration of the Han dynasty.

As rebel forces stormed the capital Chang'an, Wang Mang was killed in a melee in the Weiyang Palace. His head was taken and displayed, and the Xin dynasty was extinguished, ending his 14-year reign.