Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz became the eighth Umayyad caliph after the death of Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik. His reign, though short, was marked by significant reforms and a departure from the policies of his predecessors.

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ordered the withdrawal of Umayyad forces from the prolonged and unsuccessful siege of Constantinople. This decision ended a costly military campaign and shifted focus to internal consolidation and reform.

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz implemented sweeping tax reforms, abolishing the jizya (poll tax) for non-Muslims who converted to Islam and ensuring equal treatment of all subjects. He also ordered the return of confiscated lands and property to their rightful owners.