Shah Rukh

After Tamerlane's death and a period of civil war, Shah Rukh emerged as the ruler of the Timurid Empire, based in Herat. He defeated his rivals, including his nephew Khalil Sultan, and consolidated control over Persia and Central Asia.

Shah Rukh patronized the arts, architecture, and literature, making Herat a center of the Timurid Renaissance. He commissioned the construction of mosques, madrasas, and libraries, and supported artists like the miniaturist Kamal-ud-din Behzad.

Shah Rukh reestablished diplomatic and trade relations with Ming China, sending embassies and restoring the Silk Road. This facilitated cultural and economic exchange between the Timurid Empire and East Asia.

Shah Rukh led multiple campaigns against the Qara Qoyunlu (Black Sheep Turkomans) in western Persia and Iraq. He defeated them at the Battle of Alashkert in 1421, but the conflict continued intermittently, draining Timurid resources.

Shah Rukh died in 1447, leading to a succession struggle among his sons, including Ulugh Beg. His death marked the beginning of the decline of the Timurid Empire, which fragmented into smaller states.