Miguel Primo de Rivera

Primo de Rivera, as Captain General of Catalonia, led a military coup on September 13, 1923, with the support of King Alfonso XIII. He suspended the 1876 Constitution, dissolved parliament, and established a military dictatorship, ending the Restoration system.

Primo de Rivera founded the Uni

Primo de Rivera personally commanded the Alhucemas landing, a joint Spanish-French amphibious operation in Morocco. This decisive victory broke the back of the Rifian rebellion led by Abd el-Krim, ending the costly Rif War and securing Spanish colonial interests.

Facing growing opposition from the military, intellectuals, and republicans, Primo de Rivera resigned on January 28, 1930. He went into exile in Paris, where he died shortly after, leaving Spain in political crisis that led to the fall of the monarchy.