Mary I of England

Mary I's government repealed the Protestant laws of Edward VI, restoring Catholic doctrine and practices. This included the revival of the Mass and the authority of the Pope in England.

Mary I became queen of England after deposing Lady Jane Grey. Her accession marked a return to Catholic rule and the reversal of Protestant reforms enacted under Edward VI.

Mary I married Philip II of Spain, a Catholic alliance that was unpopular in England. The marriage did not produce an heir and led to English involvement in Spanish wars, including the loss of Calais.

Mary I oversaw the execution of nearly 300 Protestants for heresy, including Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, and Nicholas Ridley. These burnings earned her the nickname 'Bloody Mary' and deepened religious divisions.

French forces captured Calais, the last English possession in France, during Mary I's reign. This loss was a major blow to English prestige and contributed to the unpopularity of her Spanish alliance.