Mary I of England vs Maximilian II of Bavaria

Mary I's government repealed the Protestant laws of Edward VI, restoring Catholic doctrine and practices. This included the revival of the Mass and the authority of the Pope in England.

Mary I became queen of England after deposing Lady Jane Grey. Her accession marked a return to Catholic rule and the reversal of Protestant reforms enacted under Edward VI.

Mary I married Philip II of Spain, a Catholic alliance that was unpopular in England. The marriage did not produce an heir and led to English involvement in Spanish wars, including the loss of Calais.

Mary I oversaw the execution of nearly 300 Protestants for heresy, including Thomas Cranmer, Hugh Latimer, and Nicholas Ridley. These burnings earned her the nickname 'Bloody Mary' and deepened religious divisions.

French forces captured Calais, the last English possession in France, during Mary I's reign. This loss was a major blow to English prestige and contributed to the unpopularity of her Spanish alliance.

Maximilian II moved the University of Munich to a new building and expanded its faculties, attracting prominent scholars such as Justus von Liebig and Leopold von Ranke. He promoted scientific research and the humanities, making Munich a leading academic hub.

Maximilian II supported the Munich School of painting, commissioning works from artists like Carl Spitzweg and Franz von Lenbach. He also funded the construction of the Neue Pinakothek, which opened in 1853, to display contemporary art.