Jugurtha

Jugurtha ordered the assassination of his cousin Hiempsal, a co-heir to the Numidian throne. This act triggered a civil war with his other cousin Adherbal and led to Roman intervention in Numidia, setting the stage for the Jugurthine War.

Jugurtha besieged the city of Cirta, where his rival Adherbal had taken refuge. After capturing the city, Jugurtha executed Adherbal and massacred many Roman and Italian merchants, provoking the Roman Republic to declare war on Numidia.

Jugurtha's forces fought the Roman army under Quintus Caecilius Metellus at the Muthul River. Although the battle was tactically indecisive, Jugurtha's guerrilla tactics prevented a decisive Roman victory, prolonging the war and demonstrating his military skill.

Jugurtha was betrayed by his father-in-law, King Bocchus of Mauretania, who had been allied with him. Bocchus lured Jugurtha into a trap and handed him over to the Roman general Gaius Marius, ending the Jugurthine War.

Jugurtha was paraded in Gaius Marius's triumph in Rome and then thrown into the Tullianum prison, where he was executed by strangulation. His death marked the end of Numidian independence and the consolidation of Roman control over North Africa.