Jiaqing Emperor

Jiaqing's forces suppressed a major Miao rebellion in Guizhou and Hunan provinces. The campaign was brutal and costly, but restored Qing control over the region, though it highlighted ethnic tensions.

The White Lotus Rebellion erupted in central China, lasting until 1804. Jiaqing's government struggled to suppress the rebellion due to corruption and inefficiency, draining the Qing treasury and exposing military weakness.

Upon taking full power after his father Qianlong's death, Jiaqing ordered the arrest and execution of the corrupt grand councilor Heshen. Heshen's vast wealth was confiscated, temporarily replenishing the imperial treasury.

Jiaqing attempted to address the fiscal crisis caused by the White Lotus Rebellion and corruption. He implemented tax reforms, reduced court spending, and tried to curb official embezzlement, but with limited success.

The Qing military's inability to quickly suppress the White Lotus Rebellion revealed its decline. The Eight Banners and Green Standard armies were poorly trained and equipped, forcing the use of local militias.