Herbert Hoover

Hoover, a Republican, won the 1928 presidential election in a landslide against Democrat Al Smith. Hoover's reputation as a successful businessman and humanitarian, particularly for his relief work in Europe during and after World War I, contributed to his victory.

The Wall Street Crash of 1929 occurred in October, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. Hoover's response, including calls for voluntary cooperation and limited federal intervention, was widely criticized as inadequate, and the depression deepened.

Hoover signed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, which raised tariffs on thousands of imported goods to record levels. The tariff sparked retaliatory measures from other countries, contributing to a collapse in international trade and worsening the Great Depression.