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Confucian scholar executed by the Yongle Emperor for refusing to write the edict.
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After the Yongle Emperor usurped the throne, he ordered Fang Xiaoru to draft the accession edict. Fang refused, calling the usurper a traitor. This act of defiance led to his execution and the massacre of his entire clan.
Fang Xiaoru was executed by dismemberment, and his family, students, and associates
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