An-Nasir Muhammad

An-Nasir Muhammad became Sultan at age 8 after the assassination of his brother Al-Ashraf Khalil. His reign was dominated by regents Kitbugha and Lajin. He was deposed after a year due to factional infighting among the Mamluks.

An-Nasir Muhammad was restored to the throne after the death of Sultan Lajin. He ruled for a decade but faced challenges from powerful emirs. He was again deposed in 1309 by Baybars II, a Mamluk commander.

An-Nasir Muhammad implemented administrative and economic reforms. He reduced taxes, improved irrigation systems, and built canals. He also constructed numerous mosques, madrasas, and hospitals in Cairo, including the famous Al-Nasir Muhammad Mosque.

An-Nasir Muhammad regained the throne for a third time after defeating Baybars II. He then purged rival emirs and centralized power. His third reign lasted 31 years, bringing stability and prosperity to the Mamluk Sultanate.

An-Nasir Muhammad died in Cairo after a long illness. His death ended the most stable period of the Mamluk Sultanate. He was succeeded by a series of short-lived sons, leading to a period of decline and factional strife.