Al-Ashraf Khalil

Al-Ashraf Khalil succeeded his father Qalawun as Sultan of Egypt. He was the second ruler of the Qalawunid dynasty. His accession was contested by some Mamluk factions, but he quickly consolidated power.

Al-Ashraf Khalil led the Mamluk siege of Acre, the last major Crusader stronghold in the Levant. After a six-week siege, the city fell on May 18, 1291. The capture of Acre ended the Crusader presence in the Holy Land.

Following the fall of Acre, Al-Ashraf Khalil's forces captured the remaining Crusader coastal cities of Tyre, Sidon, and Beirut without significant resistance. These conquests completed the Mamluk reconquest of the Levant and eliminated all Crusader footholds.

Al-Ashraf Khalil was assassinated by a group of Mamluk emirs while hunting near Cairo. His death was likely due to internal power struggles. He was succeeded by his young brother An-Nasir Muhammad, beginning a period of instability.