Ahmed Shah Massoud

Massoud led mujahideen forces in the Panjshir Valley against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. He used guerrilla tactics to resist Soviet offensives, earning the nickname 'Lion of Panjshir'. His resistance became a symbol of Afghan defiance.

Massoud formed the Northern Alliance to resist the Taliban after they captured Kabul. He led a coalition of anti-Taliban forces from his base in the Panjshir Valley. The alliance controlled about 10% of Afghanistan.

Massoud was assassinated by two suicide bombers posing as journalists. The attack was carried out by Al-Qaeda operatives two days before the 9/11 attacks. His death weakened the Northern Alliance but galvanized international support.